hello world 2

vdsthis is second temp page

Hello World

This is just for test.... hello world

Internet basic information

INTERNET & E-MAIL
Internet
The Internet is a collection of computer networks that connects millions of computers around the world.  Internet is a Global Network, Which provides users the access to the information available through out the world.
Web Page

A Web page is a document on the Web. Web pages can include text, pictures, sound and video.  The World Wide Web is also called the Web, WWW or W3.

Web Site
A Web site is a collection of Web pages maintained by a college, university, government agency, company or individual.
Popular Web Sites
Some Web sites are popular and can get very busy.  You may find that it takes longer to view the information on a busy Web site.  If it is taking a long time to view a Web site, try connecting again later.
Some informative Web sites URLs (Uniform Resource Locator) are listed here;

• www.yahoo.com         www.Google.com       www.Punjab.gov.pk
• www.domainxcess.com          www.pvtc.gop.pk

What you need before you first visit the Internet!
1. Computer with Internet connection.
2. Internet account with a connection provider.
3. Internet browser software.
4. Email software.
5. Other supported software.
6. Optional: stereo speakers, microphone, and webcam.
Internet Service Provider
An Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a company that gives you accesses to the Internet for a fee. You can visit there websites by typing the given home page addresses in URL of internet explorer or if you are using Netscape then type addresses in Location bar
Here is the List for some local Internet Service Providers (ISPs) available in Lahore
ISP’s                    Home Page
1. Comsats                  http://www.comsats.net.pk
2. Brain                       http://www.Brain.net.pk
3. Nexlinx                   http://www.nexlinx.net.pk
4. WOL                       http://www.wol.net.pk
5. Worldcall                http://www.magic.net.pk
6. Cyber Net               http://www.cyber.net.pk
7. PTCL                      http://www.ptcl.com.pk
8. Wateen                    http://www.wateen.net
Some internet sites have different extensions, given below are the extensions which are being used for different sites.
ORGANIZATION                            COUNTRY
COM         commercial                        pk        Pakistan
EDU          education                          ca         Canada
GOV         government                       it          Italy
MIL           military                              JP        Japan
NET          network                             au        Australia
ORG         organization                      uk        United Kingdom

Types of Softwares

Computer Software
Software, also called Programs. Software is a set of instructions that tells the computer what to do and how to do it.
Types of the Software
Basically there are two types of the Software

System Software

Application Software



System Software
System software consists of the programs that control or maintains the operations of the computer and its devices. System software serves as the interface between user, computer and application software.
There are further two types of the system software
Operating System
Utility Programs

Operating System: is a set of programs that coordinates all the activities among computer hardware devices. The operating system also contains instructions that allow users to run application software. For examples Windows, DOS, Linux, UNIX, Apple Macintosh, Sun-Solaris etc.

Utility Programs: allows a user to perform maintenance type tasks usually related to managing a computer, its devices, or its programs. For examples Antivirus, Backup and Recovery of software, Disk cleanup, Defragmenter, Drivers etc.

Application Software
Application Software consists of programs that perform specific tasks for users. Popular application software includes word processing software, spreadsheet software, database software and presentation graphics software.

Symbols of Keyboards

Symbols of Keyboards

Symbol	Name	Symbol	Name
`	Grave Accent	~	Tilde
!	Exclamation Sign	@	Commercial AT
#	Hash or Number Sign	$	Dollar Sign
%	Percent Sign	^	Circumflex Sign or Caret
&	Ampersand Sign or Concatenation Sign	*	Asterisk
(	Left or opening  Parenthesis	)	Right or closing Parenthesis
-	Hyphen	_	Underscore or Low Line
=	Equals Sign	+	Plus  Sign or Sign of Addition
[	Left Squares bracket	]	Right Square Brackets
{	Left Curly Bracket	}	Right Curly Bracket
;	Sami Colon	:	Colon
‘	Single Quotation Mark, or Apostrophe	“	Double Quotation Mark
\	Reverse Slash, Or  Reverse Solidus	¦	Vertical Bar or Broken bar or Pipe sign
,	Comma	<	Less-Than Sign
.	Full Stop	>	Greater Than Sign
/	Forward Slash, or Forward Solidus	?	Question Mark

Window Information

Windows
Windows is a family of operating systems developed by Microsoft Corporation for personal computers Windows dominates the personal computer world, running, by some estimates, on 90% of all personal computers. Windows provides a graphical user interface (GUI), virtual memory management, multitasking, and support for many peripheral devices. The name windows comes form the basic function of the operating system, it lets you look into your computer, just like looking through a window.
Microsoft introduced following popular versions of Windows:

Windows 3.1
Windows 95
Windows 98
Windows 2000
Windows Me
Windows XP

Windows Vista
Windows 7

Windows Seven
Microsoft introduced Windows Seven to much fanfare. It represents an evolution from Windows Vista and includes many new features and system requirements. With those new features comes some new complexity - and combined with Microsoft Office 2007 - a new understanding of how everything works together. Seven is the biggest change in the GUI in years and learning some of the time saving techniques will help you be more productive with the new Operating System.
Windows SEVEN helps you organize all of the files and programs within your computer. Think of Windows as a large paper filing cabinet. Within you filing cabinet, you have hanging files labeled in a logical order. Within those hanging files, you have manila file folders that contain sub-sets of information. Windows allows you to accomplish the same system in an electronic format. You can open, sort, move print, rename, find or delete files easily. In addition to managing your files, folders, and applications, Windows has much more to offer.

Introduction to Database Management System

INTRODUCTION TO DATABASE & DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Data
Data is the plural form of the latin word “Datum” Which means raw facts and figures. So Data is the collection of facts and figures, which describe entities. An entity is thing having real existence.
Data Types

• Alphabetic data.
• Numeric data.
• AlphaNumeric data
• Sound
• Images
• Video
• Pointing

Data Management or Processing of Data: -
Making the data resource of an organization available for use and controlling its use is called data management or data processing. Its main purposes are listed below.

• Data collection.
• Data organization.
• Data storage.
• Data retrieval
• Data manipulation
• Data Analysis

There are two approaches towards data processing.

• Traditional/Conventional file approach.
• Data base approach.

Traditional/Conventional File approach
In this approach separate application program are written for individual data processing activities.
Traditionally a large organization would have different files for different purposes. For example there might be one file for course grades, another for students records and a third for tuition billing. Each file would be used independently to produce its own separate reports. If we change our address some one had to make the change separately in each file.







Course grade file                  Student Record file                 tuition billing File
Disadvantages of Traditional file Approach

• Data Redundancy

In file processing system, the same data (fields) may be duplicated in several files often in different formats. This is knows as data redundancy. When data fields are repeated in different files they waste storage space. Example: Suppose that there are two files of a student 1st is “Student Information” and 2nd is “Student Fee Detail” files, both files may contain system fields of data like, roll no, name, father name, address, phone # etc

• Lack of data integrity

Integrate means reliability and accuracy of data. The stored data must satisfy certain types of consistency constrains. Example: In above example file, Roll No, and Marks of students should be numeric value. It is very difficult to apply these constrains on files in file processing system.

• Program data dependency

Program data dependency is a relationship between data in files and program required updating and maintaining the files. Applications programs are developed according to a particular file format in file processing system. If the format of file is changed, the application program also needs to be changed accordingly. Example: If there is a change in the length of postal code, it requires change in the program. The change may be costly to important.
Database Approach
A database approach system is computerized record keeping system. It is a system whose overall purpose is to maintain data and make it available when it needed.
Data: is raw f acts in an organization
Base: is the main foundation and support for an organization on which an organization depends.
Database: Database is such data on which whole organization depends and need support of it.
Database is an organized collection of related data that is stored in an efficient and compact manner.
The word Organized means that data is stored in such a way that the user can use this data easily.
The word related means that a database is normally created to store the data about a particular topic.
The word efficient means that the user can search the required data quickly.
The word Compact means that the stored data occupies as little space as possible in computer.
Advantages of databases approach system
The advantages of databases approach system are as follows;

• Reduce data redundancy

Data redundancy can be controlled to some extent in database system, but it cannot be eliminated.

• Improved data Integrity: after controlling of data redundancy Lack of integration problem is controlled also
• More Program independence: Data is not dependent on programs
• Increased security: Database approach system provides better security features.

Disadvantages of databases and DBMSs
Although there are clear advantages to having databases and DBMSs there are still some disadvantages.

• Cost issue
• Back up and recovery issue
• Data vulnerability issue

The data storage hierarchy in a database
The data storage hierarchy consists of levels of data stored in a computer file. Bits, bytes (character), fields, records, files and databases as represented in Computers.

• Database: - A database is a collection of interrelated files. A vocational training institute database might include files on all past and current students in all departments. There would be various files for each student OJT_ record, session performance, personal record and so on.
• File: - A file is a collection of related records. And example of a file is collected data on every student in the same department of a VTI including all names, addresses, and ID#s
• Record: -A record is a collection of related felids. An example of a record would be our name, date of birth and ID

Hierarchy of Database

• Field: - A field is a unit of data consisting of one or more characters. An individual field typically contains a fact about a person, place thing or event. An example of a field is our name date of birth or ID number.
• Character: - Where as a byte is a unit of measure, a character is a singleton set of data such as a single letter, number or special character such as ; or $ or %.

Components of a Database System
The major components of a data base system are as follows.
DBMS (The Software)
A DBMS is a collection of programs that are used to create and maintain a database. DBMS is a general-purpose software system that provides the following facilities:

1. It provides the facility to define the structure of database. The user can specify data type, format and constraints for the data to be stored in database.
2. It provides the facility to store data on some storage medium controlled by DBMS.
3. It provides the facilities to insert, delete, update, and retrieve specific data to generate reports etc

Database: -
Database is an organized collection of related data that is stored in an efficient and compact manner.