Internet basic information

INTERNET & E-MAIL
Internet
The Internet is a collection of computer networks that connects millions of computers around the world.  Internet is a Global Network, Which provides users the access to the information available through out the world.
Web Page

A Web page is a document on the Web. Web pages can include text, pictures, sound and video.  The World Wide Web is also called the Web, WWW or W3.

Web Site
A Web site is a collection of Web pages maintained by a college, university, government agency, company or individual.
Popular Web Sites
Some Web sites are popular and can get very busy.  You may find that it takes longer to view the information on a busy Web site.  If it is taking a long time to view a Web site, try connecting again later.
Some informative Web sites URLs (Uniform Resource Locator) are listed here;

• www.yahoo.com         www.Google.com       www.Punjab.gov.pk
• www.domainxcess.com          www.pvtc.gop.pk

What you need before you first visit the Internet!
1. Computer with Internet connection.
2. Internet account with a connection provider.
3. Internet browser software.
4. Email software.
5. Other supported software.
6. Optional: stereo speakers, microphone, and webcam.
Internet Service Provider
An Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a company that gives you accesses to the Internet for a fee. You can visit there websites by typing the given home page addresses in URL of internet explorer or if you are using Netscape then type addresses in Location bar
Here is the List for some local Internet Service Providers (ISPs) available in Lahore
ISP’s                    Home Page
1. Comsats                  http://www.comsats.net.pk
2. Brain                       http://www.Brain.net.pk
3. Nexlinx                   http://www.nexlinx.net.pk
4. WOL                       http://www.wol.net.pk
5. Worldcall                http://www.magic.net.pk
6. Cyber Net               http://www.cyber.net.pk
7. PTCL                      http://www.ptcl.com.pk
8. Wateen                    http://www.wateen.net
Some internet sites have different extensions, given below are the extensions which are being used for different sites.
ORGANIZATION                            COUNTRY
COM         commercial                        pk        Pakistan
EDU          education                          ca         Canada
GOV         government                       it          Italy
MIL           military                              JP        Japan
NET          network                             au        Australia
ORG         organization                      uk        United Kingdom

Types of Softwares

Computer Software
Software, also called Programs. Software is a set of instructions that tells the computer what to do and how to do it.
Types of the Software
Basically there are two types of the Software

System Software

Application Software



System Software
System software consists of the programs that control or maintains the operations of the computer and its devices. System software serves as the interface between user, computer and application software.
There are further two types of the system software
Operating System
Utility Programs

Operating System: is a set of programs that coordinates all the activities among computer hardware devices. The operating system also contains instructions that allow users to run application software. For examples Windows, DOS, Linux, UNIX, Apple Macintosh, Sun-Solaris etc.

Utility Programs: allows a user to perform maintenance type tasks usually related to managing a computer, its devices, or its programs. For examples Antivirus, Backup and Recovery of software, Disk cleanup, Defragmenter, Drivers etc.

Application Software
Application Software consists of programs that perform specific tasks for users. Popular application software includes word processing software, spreadsheet software, database software and presentation graphics software.

Symbols of Keyboards

Symbols of Keyboards

Symbol	Name	Symbol	Name
`	Grave Accent	~	Tilde
!	Exclamation Sign	@	Commercial AT
#	Hash or Number Sign	$	Dollar Sign
%	Percent Sign	^	Circumflex Sign or Caret
&	Ampersand Sign or Concatenation Sign	*	Asterisk
(	Left or opening  Parenthesis	)	Right or closing Parenthesis
-	Hyphen	_	Underscore or Low Line
=	Equals Sign	+	Plus  Sign or Sign of Addition
[	Left Squares bracket	]	Right Square Brackets
{	Left Curly Bracket	}	Right Curly Bracket
;	Sami Colon	:	Colon
‘	Single Quotation Mark, or Apostrophe	“	Double Quotation Mark
\	Reverse Slash, Or  Reverse Solidus	¦	Vertical Bar or Broken bar or Pipe sign
,	Comma	<	Less-Than Sign
.	Full Stop	>	Greater Than Sign
/	Forward Slash, or Forward Solidus	?	Question Mark

Window Information

Windows
Windows is a family of operating systems developed by Microsoft Corporation for personal computers Windows dominates the personal computer world, running, by some estimates, on 90% of all personal computers. Windows provides a graphical user interface (GUI), virtual memory management, multitasking, and support for many peripheral devices. The name windows comes form the basic function of the operating system, it lets you look into your computer, just like looking through a window.
Microsoft introduced following popular versions of Windows:

Windows 3.1
Windows 95
Windows 98
Windows 2000
Windows Me
Windows XP

Windows Vista
Windows 7

Windows Seven
Microsoft introduced Windows Seven to much fanfare. It represents an evolution from Windows Vista and includes many new features and system requirements. With those new features comes some new complexity - and combined with Microsoft Office 2007 - a new understanding of how everything works together. Seven is the biggest change in the GUI in years and learning some of the time saving techniques will help you be more productive with the new Operating System.
Windows SEVEN helps you organize all of the files and programs within your computer. Think of Windows as a large paper filing cabinet. Within you filing cabinet, you have hanging files labeled in a logical order. Within those hanging files, you have manila file folders that contain sub-sets of information. Windows allows you to accomplish the same system in an electronic format. You can open, sort, move print, rename, find or delete files easily. In addition to managing your files, folders, and applications, Windows has much more to offer.

Introduction to Database Management System

INTRODUCTION TO DATABASE & DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Data
Data is the plural form of the latin word “Datum” Which means raw facts and figures. So Data is the collection of facts and figures, which describe entities. An entity is thing having real existence.
Data Types

• Alphabetic data.
• Numeric data.
• AlphaNumeric data
• Sound
• Images
• Video
• Pointing

Data Management or Processing of Data: -
Making the data resource of an organization available for use and controlling its use is called data management or data processing. Its main purposes are listed below.

• Data collection.
• Data organization.
• Data storage.
• Data retrieval
• Data manipulation
• Data Analysis

There are two approaches towards data processing.

• Traditional/Conventional file approach.
• Data base approach.

Traditional/Conventional File approach
In this approach separate application program are written for individual data processing activities.
Traditionally a large organization would have different files for different purposes. For example there might be one file for course grades, another for students records and a third for tuition billing. Each file would be used independently to produce its own separate reports. If we change our address some one had to make the change separately in each file.







Course grade file                  Student Record file                 tuition billing File
Disadvantages of Traditional file Approach

• Data Redundancy

In file processing system, the same data (fields) may be duplicated in several files often in different formats. This is knows as data redundancy. When data fields are repeated in different files they waste storage space. Example: Suppose that there are two files of a student 1st is “Student Information” and 2nd is “Student Fee Detail” files, both files may contain system fields of data like, roll no, name, father name, address, phone # etc

• Lack of data integrity

Integrate means reliability and accuracy of data. The stored data must satisfy certain types of consistency constrains. Example: In above example file, Roll No, and Marks of students should be numeric value. It is very difficult to apply these constrains on files in file processing system.

• Program data dependency

Program data dependency is a relationship between data in files and program required updating and maintaining the files. Applications programs are developed according to a particular file format in file processing system. If the format of file is changed, the application program also needs to be changed accordingly. Example: If there is a change in the length of postal code, it requires change in the program. The change may be costly to important.
Database Approach
A database approach system is computerized record keeping system. It is a system whose overall purpose is to maintain data and make it available when it needed.
Data: is raw f acts in an organization
Base: is the main foundation and support for an organization on which an organization depends.
Database: Database is such data on which whole organization depends and need support of it.
Database is an organized collection of related data that is stored in an efficient and compact manner.
The word Organized means that data is stored in such a way that the user can use this data easily.
The word related means that a database is normally created to store the data about a particular topic.
The word efficient means that the user can search the required data quickly.
The word Compact means that the stored data occupies as little space as possible in computer.
Advantages of databases approach system
The advantages of databases approach system are as follows;

• Reduce data redundancy

Data redundancy can be controlled to some extent in database system, but it cannot be eliminated.

• Improved data Integrity: after controlling of data redundancy Lack of integration problem is controlled also
• More Program independence: Data is not dependent on programs
• Increased security: Database approach system provides better security features.

Disadvantages of databases and DBMSs
Although there are clear advantages to having databases and DBMSs there are still some disadvantages.

• Cost issue
• Back up and recovery issue
• Data vulnerability issue

The data storage hierarchy in a database
The data storage hierarchy consists of levels of data stored in a computer file. Bits, bytes (character), fields, records, files and databases as represented in Computers.

• Database: - A database is a collection of interrelated files. A vocational training institute database might include files on all past and current students in all departments. There would be various files for each student OJT_ record, session performance, personal record and so on.
• File: - A file is a collection of related records. And example of a file is collected data on every student in the same department of a VTI including all names, addresses, and ID#s
• Record: -A record is a collection of related felids. An example of a record would be our name, date of birth and ID

Hierarchy of Database

• Field: - A field is a unit of data consisting of one or more characters. An individual field typically contains a fact about a person, place thing or event. An example of a field is our name date of birth or ID number.
• Character: - Where as a byte is a unit of measure, a character is a singleton set of data such as a single letter, number or special character such as ; or $ or %.

Components of a Database System
The major components of a data base system are as follows.
DBMS (The Software)
A DBMS is a collection of programs that are used to create and maintain a database. DBMS is a general-purpose software system that provides the following facilities:

1. It provides the facility to define the structure of database. The user can specify data type, format and constraints for the data to be stored in database.
2. It provides the facility to store data on some storage medium controlled by DBMS.
3. It provides the facilities to insert, delete, update, and retrieve specific data to generate reports etc

Database: -
Database is an organized collection of related data that is stored in an efficient and compact manner.

Juniad Jamshad View about Pakistan.

Categories and Classification of Computers

Categories of Computers
There are three major ways to categories Computers.
Size & Speed: By size and speed computers divided into 4 classification, depending upon the capacity and speed of processing the data
Working Principal: By working behaviors computers divided into 3 types, depending upon the data and how computers process the data
Technology: By technology computers divided into 5 generation, each generation has different hardware manufacturing technology.

Classification of Computers (By Size & speed)

Micro or Personal Computers



A personal computer (PC) is a computer that can perform all of its inputs, processing, outputs and storage activities by itself. A personal computer contains a processor, memory, and one or more input, output, and storage device.


Mini or Midrange Computers



It is larger and more powerful computers than personal computers. It can execute five billion instructions per second. It generally consists of two or more processors. It is more reliable than desktop computer. Mini computers were introduced in 1960s. Mini computers are used in small companies to provide centralized store of information.

Mainframe Computers



A mainframe is a large computer in term of price, power and speed. It consists of multiple processors. It is specially designed to perform multiple intensive tasks for multiple users simultaneously. It was introduced in 1970s. A typical mainframe computer can execute 16 million instructions per second.
It is used in large organizations, such as banks, Universities and Multinational companies etc.

Super Computers



Super computer is the biggest in size, most expensive in price and powerful than any other computer. It can process trillions of instructions in one second. The modern super computer consists of thousands of microprocessors.
Super computers are used in weather forecasting, weapon design, preparing models of chemical and biological system, mapping the surface of the planets and studying the neural network of the brain.

Generation of Computer

Generation of Computer
Generation” in computer talk is a new step in hardware or software technology.
Different generations of computer are as follows:



Generation



Technology



Description



1st Generation
(1942-1955)




Vacuum Taube



Vacuum tubes (fragile glass device) were the only electronic component available during those days that possible to make electronic digital computer.
These computers can calculate data in millisecond; these were very large in size.
Examples: UNIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC



2nd Generation
(1956-1964)




Transistor



The transistor (Solid State Device) a smaller and more reliable successor to the vacuum tube was invented in 1947
Faster in speed from the previous computers. These computers were able to reduce computational time from milliseconds to microseconds.
Examples: UNIVAC III, SS80, SS90, 1107



3rd Generation
(1964-1975)




Integrated Circuits



Advance “Microelectronic” technology made it possible to integrate larger number of circuit elements into very small (less than 5 mm square) surface of silicon know as Chip or Integrated Circuit(IC). The use of IC in place of transistors gave birth of new generation. they were able to reduce computational time from microseconds to nanoseconds Examples: IBM System/360 Series



4th Generation
(1975-Present)



VLSI



Small Scale Integration (SSI) contains ten to twenty ICs components. Medium Scale Integration (MSI), which has hundreds of integrated components in a single chip. Large Scale Integration (LSI) possible to integrate 30,000 components into a single chip. Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) contains one million components integrated on a single chip.

Photoshop Tool box Overview

Photoshop Tool box Overview
The toolbox contains the main tools for working on images. Click any tool to select and use it.
A small arrow next to a tool in the toolbox indicates that the tool also has additional options available. In Photoshop, click and hold your mouse on a tool to see its options. For example, if you click and hold on the select tool, you'll see select options such as eliptical selction, single row selection, etc.

    

Network basic terms

DATA COMMUNICATION AND NETWORK
Terms
Communication
Communication means to an exchange of information between two or more parties and it can be exchange in a Varity of way.
Data or computer Communication is the transmission of data and information over a communications channel between two computers which can be several different things
Channel, in communications (sometimes called communications channel), refers to the medium used to convey information from a sender (or transmitter) to a receiver.
Transmission Media
It is necessary to have a pathway or the media to be transmitted data from one point to another. The term media means the device that transmits the voice or the data form one point to another.
Guided Media
In Guided media the messages flow through the physical media like twisted pair-wire, coaxial cable fiber optic cables, the media guided is the signal.
Coaxial Cabling

Coaxial cable has a copper core (inner conductor) with an outer cylindrical shell for insulation. it is more expensive and difficult to work with and relatively inflexible and also it cost 10-20 times more then twisted pair.

Twisted Pair Cables

 Twisted- pair wire is the most commonly used wire.  There are two types of twisted pair cable, shielded and unshielded twisted pair. Shielded twisted pair (STP) cable consists of pairs of insulated solid wire surrounded by a braided or corrugated shielding. 

 Another type of twisted pair is Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) which is most frequently used network cabling because of It is relatively inexpensive to purchase.

Unshielded twisted pair is telephone wire consisting of wire pairs within an insulated outside covering.

Type	Use
Category 1	Voice Only (Telephone wire)
Category 2	Data to 4 Mbps (LocalTalk)
Category 3	Data to 10 Mbps (Ethernet)
Category 4	Data to 20 Mbps (16 Mbps Token Ring)
Category 5	Data to 100 Mbps (Fast Ethernet)
Category 6	Data to 1000 Mbps (Fast Ethernet)
Category 7	Data to 10 Gbps (Fast Ethernet)

Fiber Optic

Fiber optics consists of thousands of very thin filaments of glass fibers which can conduct lights pulse generated by laser at transmission frequencies that approach the speed of lights. Fiber optics has greater data transmission rate as well as the great security interference tapping.  

UnGuided (Radiated) Media:- in unguided media messages is broadcast through the air such as infrared, microwave, or satellite

Infra-Red
There are many systems today using infra-red communications. This is usually a directional infrared light signal transmitted into the air and received by nearby devices.
Radio and Microwave
These are the signals we think of as being radio, television and satellite, but they are now being put to use in wireless Ethernet and Bluetooth communications technologies.

 

Satellites
The satellite contains a transponder consisting of a radio receiver and transmitter. A ground station on one side of the ocean sends a signal to the satellite, which amplifies it and transmits the amplified signal at a different angle than it arrived at to another ground station on the other side of the ocean.
Signals
Computer uses two types of signals for data transmission are used Analog and Digital.
Digital Signals
A digital signal is a stream of “0” and “1” so this type of signals is appropriate particularly for today computer.
Analog Signals
Analog signals uses variation in a signals to convey information. It is particularly useful for Wave data like sound waves. Our phone lines and speakers are the Examples of Analog Signals.
Modem
Modem word derived from Modulation and Demodulation. A modem is a device that modulates and demodulates the signals. Modulation means conversion of Digital Signals into Analog signals While Demodulation means conversion of Analog signals into Digital signals. Modems are always use in pairs. It is used to connect to the Internet or Global Network.






Network
Te interconnection of more than two computes so that they can share data & resources like printer, CD-ROM is called as a Network.
A Simple Computer Network for File Sharing


                       

 

 

 

 

Network classification
Networks are classified according to their geographical coverage and size. The two most common network classifications are local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs).
LANs (Local Area Network)
A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that is confined to a relatively small area. It is generally limited to a geographic area such as a writing lab, school, or building. On most LANs, cables are used to connect the network interface cards (NIC) in each computer.

 

WANs (Wide Area Network)

Wide Area Networks (WANs) connect larger geographic areas, Using a WAN, schools in Multan can communicate with places like Karachi in a matter of minutes, without paying enormous phone bills.

Microsoft Excel 2007

Microsoft Excel 2007

Spreadsheet
The word "spreadsheet" came from "spread" in its sense of a newspaper or magazine item (text and/or graphics) that covers two facing pages, extending across the center fold and treating the two pages as one large one. The compound word "spread-sheet" came to mean the format used to present book-keeping ledgers—with columns for categories of expenditures across the top, invoices listed down the left margin, and the amount of each payment in the cell where its row and column intersect—which were, traditionally, a "spread" across facing pages of a bound ledger (book for keeping accounting records) or on oversized sheets of paper ruled into rows and columns in that format and approximately twice as wide as ordinary paper.
A spreadsheet is a computer application that simulates a paper, accounting worksheet. It displays multiple cells that together make up a grid consisting of rows and columns.
Introduction
Microsoft Excel is an excellent program for organizing, formatting, and calculating numeric data. Excel displays data in a row-and-column format, with gridlines between the rows and columns, similar to accounting ledger books or graph paper. Consequently, Excel is well suited for working with numeric data for accounting, scientific research, statistical recording, and any other situation that can benefit from organizing data in a table- format. e.g. Teachers often record student grade information in Excel..
Excel run by using any of three methods that use to run Microsoft Word.
When you start Excel, a blank workbook, titled Book1, opens by default.
Worksheets
Microsoft Excel consists of worksheets. Each worksheet contains columns and rows. The columns are lettered A to Z and then continuing with AA, AB, AC and so on; the rows are numbered 1 to 1,048,576. The number of columns and rows you can have in a worksheet is limited by your computer memory and your system resources.
The combination of a column coordinate and a row coordinate make up a cell address. For example, the cell located in the upper-left corner of the worksheet is cell A1, meaning column A, row 1. Cell E10 is located under column E on row 10. You enter your data into the cells on the worksheet.

Microsoftw Word 2007

Microsoft Word 2007
Word Processor
Word Processor is software that helps you to create any type of written communication like a letter, a report, a memo, or any other type of correspondence or text data.                  
(i.e. Microsoft Word, Word Pad ,Word Star and Word Perfect are the common word processors). But the Microsoft Word is popular word processor.

MS Word 2007
Microsoft Word is part of the Microsoft Office. Its main function is for producing documents that can includes text, graphics, table, clip art, etc. The most familiar application among the members of the Office is Word.
This lesson will introduce you to the Word window, open Microsoft Word 2007. The Microsoft Word window appears and screen looks similar to the one shown here.
Understanding Document Views
In Word 2007, you can display your document in one of five views: Draft, Web Layout, Print Layout, Full Screen Reading, or Online Layout.
Draft View
Draft view is the most frequently used view. You use Draft view to quickly edit your document.
Web Layout
Web Layout view enables you to see your document as it would appear in a browser such as Internet Explorer.
Print Layout
The Print Layout view shows the document as it will look when it is printed.
Reading Layout
Reading Layout view formats your screen to make reading your document more comfortable.
Outline View
Outline view displays the document in outline form. You can display headings without the text. If you move a heading, the accompanying text moves with it.

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER SYSTEM
The word “Computer” has been derived from the Latin word “Compute” which means to Calculate

A computer is an programmable electronic device that can accept data, perform arithmetic (+,-,x,/) & logical (<,>,=,≠) operation on the data, produce the required results.
Normally, a computer is considered to be a calculating device that can perform arithmetic and logical operations at a great speed.



Components of Computer
Basically, a computer consists of four components

Hardware: The physical or tangible parts of the computer called hardware. Like Monitor, Keyboard, CPU, Mouse etc.

Software: The set of instructions, that tells the computer, what to do and how to do.

Data: A collection of raw facts and figures is called data, which can include text, numbers, images, audios and videos etc.

User: Computer cannot do any without its operator.



Information
The processed form of data is called information. Information conveys meaning and is useful to one or more people..

Information Processing Cycle (IPC)
Information processing cycle consists of a series of tasks or steps required to convert data into information. Different steps of information processing cycle are as follows.


Characteristics of Computers.
Computers are powerful for a verity of reasons. They operate with amazing speed reliability, consistency, and accuracy. Computer can store huge amount of data and information.

Speed: Most computers carry out billions of operations in a single second. The words fastest computer can perform trillions of operations in one second.
Reliability and consistency: The electronic components in modern computers are dependable because they have a low failure rate. The high reliability of computer enables to computer to produce consistence results. So it correct & tireless machine.
Storage: Computer is used due to its large storage capacity. A data that you can place in 100 (7x4) feet almirah can be stored in a computer on a 2 x 2 inch area.
Adoptability: computer has ability to work with and to control each & every electronic device. To plug camera, motors, fax, and many other machines with it to get required results.

Corel Draw Introduction

Corel Draw
Graphics Design using Corel Draw
Corel draw is graphics application that is used to design advertisement, logo, cads, broachers, newsletters, banners, images, and so on, for print or for web.
An artwork developed in CorelDraw is referred as a drawing. Each component created in a drawing such as line, text, curve, symbols or image is referred as an object. Each object in a drawing stores its own attributes, such as shape, size, position, and color. The drawings can be modified without affecting drawing quality.
Types of Digital Images
Computer graphics comes in two main types
Raster Images (Photo Realistic)
Raster images also known as Bit-mapped images are made up of a mosaic of picture elements, called Pixels. A pixel is the smallest unit of composition in an image. When raster images stored, the information contained in each pixel is stored separately, which increases the file size?
When raster images enlarged, their edges appear rough and jagged.
Raster images are realistic and manipulate-able (each pixel can be edited on an individual basis)
Vector Images
The images consist of lines and curves that are defined mathematical objects are called vector images. Vector images can alter to large size without making their edges rough or jagged. Vector images are ideal for web pages because they are small in size, and so they download faster than raster images.
Vector based images commonly used in Computer Aided Drawings (CAD), and digital drawing software.

Image Formats

Image Formats
The following are some common formats with brief definitions of their uses. Note that Photoshop can handle many other graphics formats as well.

• Bitmap (.bmp). This is a standard graphics file format for Windows.
• GIF (.gif). GIF stands for Graphics Interchange Format. It is one of the three common graphics formats you can use for Web publishing. Because it is a compressed format, it takes less time to send by modem.
• JPEG (.jpg). JPEG stands for Joint Photographic Experts Group. JPEG is another popular format for Web publishing.
• PDF (.pdf). Adobe Acrobat's Portable Document Format, a system for creating documents that can be read cross-platform.
• PNG (.png). Stands for Portable Network Graphic. It's a newer and arguably better format for Web graphics, combining GIF's good compression with the JPEG's unlimited color palette. However, older browsers don't support it.
• TIFF (.tif). TIFF stands for Tagged Image File Format. These files can be saved for use on either Macintosh or Windows machines. This is also often the preferred format for desktop publishing applications, such as InDesign and QuarkXPress. When you save a TIFF file, you can choose whether to include layers. If you do include layers in a TIFF file, the image might not be compatible with all desktop publishing programs.
• EPS (.eps). Encapsulated PostScript is another format often used for desktop publishing. It uses the PostScript page description language, and can be used by both Macintosh and PC.
• Raw (usually .raw). This format saves image information in the most flexible format for transferring files between applications, devices (such as digital cameras), and computer platforms.

Adobe Photoshop Introduction

Graphics Design using Adobe Photoshop
Adobe Photoshop is a graphics editing program developed and published byAdobe Systems Incorporated.
Photoshop is still the ultimate graphics program, although it's far different from the first version released about 15 years ago. Even though it's mainly used for photo retouching and image manipulation, you can also use it to create original art, either from scratch or based on a photograph. You can even use it to set type and turn plain fonts into gleaming metal or three-dimensional puffy satin, or whatever you like. It's much more fun than a video game and much less difficult than you might think
In 1987, Thomas Knoll, a PhD student at the University of Michigan, began writing a program on his Macintosh Plus to display grayscale images on a monochrome display. This program, called Display, caught the attention of his brother John Knoll, an Industrial Light & Magic employee, who recommended Thomas turn it into a fully-fledged image editing program. Thomas took a six month break from his studies in 1988 to collaborate with his brother on the program, which had been renamed ImagePro. Later that year, Thomas renamed his program Photoshop and worked out a short-term deal with scanner manufacturer Barney scan to distribute copies of the program with a slide scanner; a "total of about 200 copies of Photoshop were shipped" this way.
During this time, John traveled to Silicon Valley and gave a demonstration of the program to engineers at Apple and Russell Brown, art director at Adobe. Both showings were successful, and Adobe decided to purchase the license to distribute in September 1988. While John worked on plug-ins in California, Thomas remained in Ann Arbor writing program code. Photoshop 1.0 was released in 1990 for Macintosh exclusively.
Photoshop has ties with other Adobe software for media editing, animation, and authoring. The .PSD (Photoshop Document), Photoshop's native format, stores an image with support for most imaging options available in Photoshop. These include layers with masks, color spaces, ICC profiles, transparency, text, alpha channels and spot colors, clipping paths, and duotone settings. This is in contrast to many other file formats (e.g. .EPS or .GIF) that restrict content to provide streamlined, predictable functionality.
Photoshop's popularity means that the .PSD format is widely used, and it is supported to some extent by most competing software. The .PSD file format can be exported to and from Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Premiere Pro, and After Effects, to make professional standard DVDs and provide non-linear editing and special effects services, such as backgrounds, textures, and so on, for television, film, and the Web. Photoshop is a pixel-based image editor, unlike programs such as Macromedia FreeHand (now defunct), Adobe Illustrator, Inkscape or CorelDraw, which are vector-based image editors.
Photoshop uses color models RGB, lab, CMYK, grayscale, binary bitmap, and duotone. Photoshop has the ability to read and  write raster and vector image formats such as .EPS, .PNG, .GIF, .JPEG, and Adobe Fireworks.
Getting Started
Launching Photoshop and Customizing the Desktop. You start Photoshop just as you launch any other program under Windows or the Mac OS. As with other programs, you can choose the method you find the easiest and most convenient.
Here’s a quick summary of your options:
Launch from the Windows Start menu. Windows PCs have a handy pop-up Programs menu that includes your most frequently used applications. Just locate the program on the menu and select it.
Launch from the Windows taskbar. You may have inserted icons for your really mission-critical programs in these readily accessible launching bars, usually found at the bottom (or sometimes sides) of your screen. Click the Photoshop icon to start.
Launch Photoshop by double-clicking a shortcut or alias icon placed on your desktop.
Double-click an image file associated with Photoshop. When you installed Photoshop, the setup program let you specify which type of common image file types (.TIF, .PSD, PCX, and so forth) you wanted to be associated with (or linked to, for launching purposes) Photoshop, ImageReady, or neither (Windows only). Double-clicking an icon, shortcut, or alias representing the file type you chose launches Photoshop

Hyper Text Markup Language

Web Development using HTML
HTML & The Internet

The Internet (sometimes called “the Net” for short) is a network of computers linked together. It started in 1969 as a US military experiment to share computer resources more efficiently. Later, it was expanded to include colleges and research facilities.

Today, the Net has grown into a massive public broadcast medium. It is an international network of mixed computer technology with more than 600 million users using several different computer languages called protocols. HTML is one the most common and popular protocol.

Where Did HTML Come From?
In March of 1989, 20 years after the Internet was “born,” Tim Berners-Lee, a computer scientist at the European Laboratory for Particle Physics (CERN) in Geneva, Switzerland published a paper titled Information Management: A Proposal. In it, he suggested a way of managing information by linking related documents and having them all available over a computer network so physicists could share research results with each other.
At the time, SGML, or Standard Generalized Markup Language, was the standard format for large-scale documents accessed by researchers using computers. As more computers were networked, more documents were put online in SGML format, but SGML was unwieldy and difficult to use.
HTML, or Hypertext Markup Language, combined the wide acceptance of SGML with ease of use. Instead of many commands, HTML used only a small subset, making it easier to learn.

What was truly different about HTML, however, was the concept of links, or references to other documents. Each SGML document was designed to stand alone, but HTML documents are designed to refer to other documents.

These references can appear in any web page on any site, and are not limited to references to the same site. This crisscrossing of references makes the World Wide Web a web, and because of its ability to link documents, HTML became the basic language of the Web.

The Web Development Cycle

Each document produced in HTML is considered to be one web page …no matter how long or short it is. An entire group of web pages collected at one location is called a web site (or just “site” for short.)

There are four major stages in the web development cycle:

1. Planning — Writing a web page is simple, however, if you want to create a good site, you will need to put some planning into it. You need to decide what you want to say, organize your thoughts, research what you want it to look like and decide what should be linked to what. This should all be done in the planning stage.

2. Creating — After the web site is planned, you need to write the text and format it with HTML commands. You will also need to gather or create the graphics you will use in your site.

3. Testing — After each page is created, you will need to test it on one or more different browsers to make sure it looks and acts like you want it to. You can do the initial testing off-line, on your computer and correct any mistakes before you publish.

4. Publishing —Publishing a web site is similar to publishing a book…you make it available to anyone who wants to see it by uploading, or moving your finished page (or pages) from your computer to a web server. A web server is simply a computer whose job it is to send the file to any computer asking to look at it. In creating complicated web pages, it's not unusual for the web page creator to write part of the page, test it, and then write more. The writing and testing stages of the web development cycle usually take the most amount of time.

Elements of Web Pages
Windows Elements
The title of Webpage is the text that appears on the title bar of the browser window when the webpage appears.The title ,which usually the first element you see ,should identify and briefly explain the page’s contents or pupose of visitors.
The body of webpage contains the information that is displayed in browser window.The body can include text,graphics and other elements.
Text Elements
Normal Text is the default text format used for main contents of Web page
at the most basic level, every Web page is a text document. A text document is a file that contains words, letters, and numbers with or  without any formatting.
Headings are the large font size than normal text and often are bold or italic or different color than normal text.
Image Elements
You can use logos, graphical text, or images and WordArt to add a professional look to your Web pages. Web page uses three types of files as images: GIF, JPEG, and PNP. The last major “technical” Web graphics consideration is file size, which is directly related to download speeds
Hyperlink Elements.
One of more important elements of Web page is hyperlink, or link .A Link is text, an image or another Web page element that you click to instruct the browser to go to a location in a file or to request a file from server. Text links are also called hypertext links are mostly used hyperlinks.